SOAS Research Online

Contadini, Anna (2023) 'Two Illustrated Mamluk Manuscripts in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana: the al-Jāḥiẓ Kitāb al-Ḥayawān and the Ibn Buṭlān Risālat Da‘wat al-Aṭibbā’.' Ambrosiana Orientalia, VIII. pp. 33-66.

Contadini, Anna (2022) 'The Middle Eastern Intellectual and Artistic Context at the Time of Ariosto.' In: Casari, Mario, Preti, Monica and Wyatt, Michael, (eds.), Ariosto and the Arabs: Contexts of the Orlando Furioso. I Tatti - Harvard Research Centre for Renaissance Studies: Florence, Officina Libraria, pp. 265-311. (I Tatti Research Series, 4)

Contadini, Anna (2022) 'Intertextual Animals: Illustrated Kalila wa-Dimna Manuscripts in Context.' In: Brac de la Perrière, Eloïse, El Khiari, Aïda and Vernay-Nouri, Annie, (eds.), Le périples de Kalila et Dimna. Quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique. Leiden: Brill, pp. 95-129. (Brill Studies in Middle Eastern Literatures, Volume: 42)

Contadini, Anna (2022) 'Changing Perceptions of Middle Eastern Objects and Cultures in Eighteenth-Century Europe.' In: Dolezalek, Isabelle and Guidetti, Mattia, (eds.), Rediscovering Objects from Islamic Lands in Enlightenment Europe, Studies in Art Historiography. London: Routledge, pp. 23-54. (Studies in Art Historiography)

Contadini, Anna (2020) 'Wondrous Animals: Zoomorphic Metal Figures from al-Andalus.' In: Olchawa, Joanna, (ed.), Löwe, Wölfin, Greif: Monumentale Tierbronzen im Mittelalter. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 213-236. (Object Studies in Art History v 4)

Contadini, Anna (2020) La filosofia e l'arte tra mondo islamico e mondo cristiano: il caso di Lucca e la sua storia. In: Bright-Night 2020. Notte Europea delle Ricercatrici e dei Ricercatori.

Contadini, Anna (2020) Scholarship and Art: Visual and Intellectual Encounters across the Mediterranean. In: ISA Lecture - Institute for Advanced Studies, Bologna University, 27 October 2020.

Contadini, Anna and de Lara, Juan (2020) The Fascination of Islam. In: Arts in Isolation.

Camber, Richard and Contadini, Anna (2019) 'Acoustic Automata.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), The Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion. Metalwork, Art, and Technology in the Medieval Islamicate Mediterranean. Pisa: Pacini Editore, pp. 63-75.

Contadini, Anna (2019) 'The Lucca Falcon.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), The Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion. Metalwork, Art, and Technology in the Medieval Islamicate Mediterranean. Pisa: Pacini Editore, pp. 419-448.

Contadini, Anna (2019) 'The Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion: History, Art and Technology.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), The Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion. Metalwork, Art, and Technology in the Medieval Islamicate Mediterranean. Pisa: Pacini Editore, pp. 197-256.

Contadini, Anna (2019) 'Cultural and Artistic Connections Between the Middle East and Europe During the Renaissance' - Keynote address at the Collége de France, Paris - 7 February 2019. In: Keynote address at the Collége de France, 7 February 2019, Collége de France, Paris.

Contadini, Anna, ed. (2018) The Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion. Metalwork, Art, and Technology in the Medieval Islamicate Mediterranean. Pisa: Pacini Editore.

Camber, Richard and Contadini, Anna (2018) 'Presenting the Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), The Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion. Metalwork, Art, and Technology in the Medieval Islamicate Mediterranean. Pisa: Pacini Editore, pp. 19-34.

Contadini, Anna (2017) 'Patronage and the Idea of an Urban Bourgeoisie.' In: Necipoğlu, Gülru and Flood, Finbarr Barry, (eds.), A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture, Vol. 1. Oxford: Wiley, pp. 431-452.

Howard, Keith (2017) 'Blowing and Hitting: Music for Korean Envoys.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), Celebrating Art and Music: The SOAS Collections. London: SOAS University of London, pp. 218-231.

Contadini, Anna (2017) Celebrating Art and Music - The SOAS Collections. Centenary Exhibition, Brunei Gallery, SOAS, 2017. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna, ed. (2017) Celebrating Art and Music: The SOAS Collections. London: SOAS; Taylor McKenzie.

Contadini, Anna (2017) 'Text and Image on Middle Eastern Objects: The Palmer Cup in Context.' In: Shirley, Pippa and Thornton, Dora, (eds.), A Rothschild Renaissance: A New Look at the Waddesdon Bequest in the British Museum. London: British Museum Research Publications 212, pp. 124-145.

Duran, Lucy (2017) 'The kora – from West Africa to the world stage.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), Celebrating Art and Music: the SOAS collections. London: SOAS University of London, pp. 12-19.

Contadini, Anna (2016) 'Threads of Ornament in the Style World of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.' In: Necipoğlu, Gülru and Payne, Alina, (eds.), Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 290-308 and notes on pp. 397.

Contadini, Anna (2016) 'Volando sopra il Mediterraneo: il Grifone di Pisa e aspetti della metallistica islamica medievale.' In: Eslami, Alireza Naser, (ed.), Genova, una capitale del Mediterraneo tra Bisanzio e il mondo islamico. Storia, arte e architettura. Torino: Bruno Mondadori, pp. 75-88.

Contadini, Anna (2015) 'Facets of Light: The Case of Rock Crystals.' In: Bloom, Jonathan and Blair, Sheila, (eds.), God is the Light of the Heavens and the Earth. Light in Islamic Art and Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 121-155.

Contadini, Anna (2014) 'Picturing music in Islamic art.' In: Ward, Rachel, (ed.), Court and Craft: A Masterpiece from Northern Iraq. London: The Courtauld Gallery with Paul Holberton Publishing, pp. 46-51.

Contadini, Anna (2014) The Arts of Southeast Asia from the SOAS Collections. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna (2014) 'Griffon de Pise.' In: Le Maroc medieval. Un empire de l’Afrique à l’Espagne, edited by Yannick Lintz, Claire Déléry and Bulle Tuil Leonetti,. Paris: Musée du Louvre and Hazan. 154-155, no. 151.

Contadini, Anna (2014) 'L'Ornamento nel Mondo Ottomano e nell'Italia del Rinascimento: Trasmissione e Congiunzione.' In: Naser Eslami, Alireza, (ed.), Incontri di Civiltà nel Mediterraneo. L'Impero Ottomano e l'Italia del Rinascimento. Storia, Arte e Architettura. Firenze: Olschki Editore, pp. 57-74. (Biblioteca dell'"Archivum Romanicum", Serie I)

Contadini, Anna (2013) Facets of Light: The Case of Rock Crystals. Fifth Hamad bin Khalifa Symposium on Islamic Art. In: The fifth biennial Hamad bin Khalifa Symposium on Islamic Art, God Is the Light of the Heavens and the Earth: Light in Islamic Art and Culture, Doha (Qatar).

Contadini, Anna and Norton, Claire, eds. (2013) The Renaissance and the Ottoman World. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.

Contadini, Anna (2013) 'Sharing a Taste? Material Culture and Intellectual Curiosity around the Mediterranean, from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Century.' In: Contadini, Anna and Norton, Claire, (eds.), The Renaissance and the Ottoman World. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, pp. 23-61.

Wright, Owen (2013) 'Turning a deaf ear.' In: Contadini, Anna and Norton, Claire, (eds.), The Renaissance and the Ottoman world. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 143-165.

Contadini, Anna (2013) Transforming Beauty: Artistic and Cultural Contacts Between The Middle East and Europe. In: Professorial Inaugural Lecture.

Contadini, Anna (2013) Seminar on the Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion. In: Seminar on the Pisa Griffin and the Mari-Cha Lion, 14 February 2013, SOAS, Khalili Lecture Theatre.

Contadini, Anna (2012) The Pisa Griffin: Explaining the Griffin. In: Anna Contadini (Project Director), The Pisa Griffin Project, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa.

Contadini, Anna (2012) The Pisa Griffin: Studying art in 3D. In: Anna Contadini (Project Director), The Pisa Griffin Project, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa.

Contadini, Anna (2012) Gifts of Recognition: Modern and Contemporary Art from the SOAS Collections. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna (2012) Moves in the Abstract: Chess Pieces of the Middle East. In: Charles K. Wilkinson Lecture Series, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Contadini, Anna (2012) A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na‘t al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū‘ Tradition. Leiden; Boston: Brill.

Contadini, Anna (2010) 'Translocation and Transformation: Some Middle Eastern Objects in Europe.' In: Saurma-Jeltsch, Lieselotte E and Eisenbeiss, Anja, (eds.), The Power of Things and the Flow of Cultural Transformation. Art and Culture between Europe and Asia. Berlin-Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, pp. 42-65.

Contadini, Anna (2010) 'Review of Margaret Meserve, Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought, Harvard University Press, 2008.' Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies, 85 (1). pp. 173-175.

Contadini, Anna, ed. (2010) Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts (revised edition). Leiden: Brill. (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East)

Contadini, Anna (2009) 'Ayyubid Illustrated Manuscripts and their North Jaziran and `Abbasid Neighbours.' In: Hillenbrand, Robert and Auld, S., (eds.), Ayyubid Jerusalem. The Holy City in Context 1187-1250. London: Altajir Trust, 179-194, and col. ills. 17.

Contadini, Anna (2009) 'Review of Marco Spallanzani, Oriental Rugs in Renaissance Florence. Florence: S.P.E.S., 2007.' The Burlington Magazine, 151 (1270). p. 35.

Contadini, Anna (2008) 'The Zoological-Medicinal Material in the Arcadian Library Manuscript.' In: Burnett, Charles, (ed.), Ibn Baklarish's Book of Simples: Medical Remedies between Three Faiths in Twelfth-Century Spain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 133-159.

Contadini, Anna, ed. (2007) Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts. Leiden: Brill. (Handbuch der Orientalistik)

Contadini, Anna (2007) 'A Jewel of Mughal Painting: The SOAS Anvar-i Suhayli Manuscript.' Orientations, 38 (8). pp. 51-56.

Contadini, Anna, ed. (2007) Objects of Instruction: Treasures of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London: SOAS University of London.

Contadini, Anna (2007) At Home in Renaissance Italy. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna (2007) 'The Manuscript as a Whole.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), Arab Painting. Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts. Leiden: Brill, pp. 1-17. (Handbuch der Orientalistik)

Gore, Charles (2007) 'Modernisms in Africa.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), Objects of Instruction: Treasures of the School of Oriental an African Studies. London: SOAS, University of London, 111, 117-123.

Contadini, Anna (2007) Objects of Instruction: Treasures of the School of Oriental and African Studies. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Branfoot, Crispin (2007) 'South Asia and the Himalayas.' In: Contadini, Anna, (ed.), Objects of Instruction: Treasures of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London: SOAS, pp. 68-74.

Contadini, Anna (2006) The Renaissance and The Ottoman World. In: The Renaissance and The Ottoman World, 26-27 April 2006, The Warburg Institute and SOAS.

Contadini, Anna (2006) 'Le stoffe islamiche nel Rinascimento italiano tra il XV e il XVI secolo.' In: Degl’Innocenti, D, (ed.), Intrecci Mediterranei. Il tessuto come dizionario di rapporti economici, culturali e sociali. Prato: Museo del Tessuto, pp. 28-35.

Contadini, Anna (2006) 'Middle Eastern Objects.' In: Ajmar-Wollheim, M and Dennis, F, (eds.), At Home in Renaissance Italy. London: V and A Publications, pp. 308-321.

Contadini, Anna (2006) 'A Question in Arab Painting: The Ibn al-Sufi Manuscript in Tehran and its Art-Historical Connections.' Muqarnas, 23. pp. 47-84.

Contadini, Anna (2005) 'Fatimid Ivories Within a Mediterranean Culture.' The Ivories of Muslim Spain, The Journal of the David Collection, ed. by K. von Folsach and J. Mayer, 2 (2). pp. 226-247.

Contadini, Anna (2005) Intrecci Mediterranei. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna (2005) 'Musical Beasts: the Swan-Phoenix in the Ibn Bakhtishu‘ Bestiaries.' In: O’Kane, B., (ed.), The Iconography of Islamic Art – Studies in Honour of Robert Hillenbrand. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 93-101.

Contadini, Anna (2004) Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts. In: Arab Painting: Text and Image in Illustrated Arabic Manuscripts.

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris and Contadini, Anna, eds. (2004) Essays in Honor of J. M. Rogers. Leiden: Brill. (Muqarnas)

Contadini, Anna (2004) 'The Arts of the Book.' In: "Mamluk Art", Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Leiden: Brill.

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2004) 'European Arts and Crafts at the Mamluk Court.' In: Behrens-Abouseif, Doris and Contadini, Anna, (eds.), Essays in Honor of J. M. Rogers. Leiden: Brill, pp. 45-54. (Muqarnas, Vol. 21)

Wright, Owen (2004) 'The Sight of Sound.' In: Necipoğlu, Gülru, Behrens-Abouseif, Doris and Contadini, Anna, (eds.), Muqarnas Volume 21. An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Essays in Honor of J.M. Rogers. Leiden: Brill, pp. 359-371.

Contadini, Anna (2004) 'A Wonderful World: Folios from a Dispersed Manuscript of the Nuzhat-nama.' In Behrens-Abouseif, D. and Contadini, A. (eds), Essays in Honor of J. M. Rogers, Muqarnas, 21. pp. 95-120.

Contadini, Anna (2003) 'A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-hayawān (British Library, or. 2784).' Muqarnas, 20 (1). pp. 17-33.

Contadini, Anna, Camber, Richard and Northover, Peter (2002) 'Beasts that Roared: The Pisa Griffin and the New York Lion.' In: Ball, Warwick and Harrow, L., (eds.), Cairo to Kabul. Afghan and Islamic Studies Presented to Ralph Pinder-Wilson. London: Melisende, pp. 65-83.

Contadini, Anna (2002) 'Travelling Pattern: a Qur'anic illumination and its secular source.' In: Canby, Sheila R., (ed.), Safavid Art and Architecture. London: British Museum Press, pp. 58-66.

Contadini, Anna (2001) 'Review of K. Adahl and M. Ahlund, 'Islamic Art Collections. An International Survey'.' Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 11 (2). pp. 270-271.

Contadini, Anna (2000) 'Le arti del periodo Fatimide.' In: Cassanelli, Roberto, (ed.), Il Mediterraneo e L'Arte nel Medioevo. Milan: Jaca Book, pp. 118-137.

Contadini, Anna (2000) 'Le arti in Spagna e Marocco nei periodi almoravide e almoade.' In: Cassanelli, Roberto, (ed.), Il Mediterraneo e L'Arte nel Medioevo. Milan: Jaca Books, pp. 38-61.

Contadini, Anna (2000) 'Ugo Monneret de Villard - A Master of the Italian Orientalist School.' In: Vernoit, S., (ed.), Discovering Islamic Art. Scholars,Collectors and Collections 1850-1950. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 156-162.

Contadini, Anna and Burnett, Charles, eds. (1999) Islam and the Italian Renaissance. London: The Warburg Institute. (Warburg Institute Colloquia)

Contadini, Anna (1999) 'Artistic Contacts: Present Scholarship and Future Tasks.' In: Contadini, Anna and Burnett, Charles, (eds.), Islam and the Italian Renaissance. Warburg Institute Colloquia. London: The Warburg Institute, pp. 1-65.

Contadini, Anna (1999) 'The Cutting Edge: Problems of History, Identification and Technique of Fatimid Rock Crystals.' In: Barrucand, M., (ed.), L’Egypte fatimide. Son art et son histoire: actes du colloque organisé à Paris les 28, 29 et 30 mai 1998. Paris: Presses Universitaires de Paris-Sorbonne, pp. 319-329.

Contadini, Anna, Bayani, M. and Stanley, Tim (1999) The Decorated Word: Qu'rans of the 17th to 19th centuries in The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art. London: Azimuth Editions and OUP. (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art)

Contadini, Anna (1998) 'Des arts décoratifs florissants.' In: Barrucand, M., (ed.), Trésors fatimides du Caire. Paris: Institute du Monde Arabe, 74-84, and entries 23, 26, 54, 55, 82, 85, 87, 89, 100, 155, 156, 161, 203, 205, 208..

Contadini, Anna (1998) Fatimid Art at the Victoria and Albert Museum. Leiden: V and A Publications.

Contadini, Anna (1998) 'Poetry on Enamelled Glass: The Palmer Cup in the British Museum.' In: Ward, Rachel, (ed.), Gilded and Enamelled Glass from the Middle East. London: British Museum Press, pp. 56-60.

Contadini, Anna (1998) Trésors fatimides du Caire. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna (1997) 'Review of S. Guthrie, 'Arab Social Life in the Middle Ages. An Illustrated Study', London 1995.' The Burlington Magazine . p. 558.

Contadini, Anna (1997) 'Review of G. Goodwin, 'Sinan. Ottoman Architecture and Its Value Today', London 1993.' The Burlington Magazine . p. 205.

Contadini, Anna (1997) 'Review of Robert Hillenbrand, 'Islamic Architecture. Form, function and meaning', Edinburgh 1994.' The Burlington Magazine . pp. 205-206.

Contadini, Anna (1997) 'Bone, Ivory, and Shell: Artifacts of the Byzantine and Islamic Periods.' In: Meyers, Eric M., (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 348-350.

Contadini, Anna (1997) 'Murcia.' In: Enciclopedia dell'Arte Medievale. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani, pp. 614-615.

Contadini, Anna (1997) 'Review of T. Pérez Higuera, 'Objetos e imagenes de al-Andalus'.' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 60 (1). pp. 136-137.

Contadini, Anna (1996) 'The Horse in Two Manuscripts of Ibn Bakhtishu`'s Kitab Manafi` al-Hayawan.' In: Alexander, D., (ed.), Furusiyya. Vol. 1 - The horse in the art of the Near East. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: The King Abdulaziz Public Library, pp. 142-147.

Contadini, Anna (1996) Islam and the Italian Renaissance. In: Islam and the Italian Renaissance, 15-16 March 1996, The Warburg Institute and the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Contadini, Anna (1996) Istanbul, Ottoman Turkey and Europe. In: Istanbul, Ottoman Turkey and Europe, 21 September 1996, Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.

Contadini, Anna (1995) 'Islamic Manuscripts and the ARCH Foundation.' Apollo: a journal of the arts, 141 (396). pp. 29-30.

Contadini, Anna (1995) 'Review of Sheila Blair and Jonathan Bloom, 'The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800', Yale University Press 1994.' The Burlington Magazine . pp. 120-121.

Contadini, Anna (1995) 'Contributions on "Four chess pieces (7.49)", "Ewer (7.50)", "Textile with embroidered calligraphic band (7.51)", Incense burner (7.57)" and "Minbar for the Sultan Qa'itbay (7.67)".' In: Phillips, T., (ed.), Africa - The Art of a Continent. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 582-584, 588, 595.

Contadini, Anna (1995) 'Islamic Ivory Chess Pieces, Draughtsmen and Dice in the Ashmolean Museum.' In: Allan, James W., (ed.), Islamic Art in the Ashmolean Museum; Oxford Studies in Islamic Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 30-51.

Contadini, Anna (1995) The Ottoman World and Europe. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna (1994) 'Review of Dalu Jones (ed.), 'Il Teatro delle Acque', Rome, 1992.' The Burlington Magazine . pp. 113-114.

Contadini, Anna (1994) 'A Figurative Islamic Ivory Chess Piece.' Scacchi e Scienze Applicate, 12 (14). pp. 3-4.

Contadini, Anna (1994) 'The Ibn Buhtishu` Bestiary Tradition. The text and Its Sources.' Medicina nei Secoli Arte e Scienza, 6 (2). pp. 349-364.

Contadini, Anna (1993) Eredità dell'Islam. Arte Islamica in Italia. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna (1993) 'La Spagna dal II/VIII al VII/XIII Secolo.' In: Curatola, G, (ed.), Eredita' dell'Islam - Arte islamica in Italia. Milan: Silvana Editoriale, pp. 105-132.

Contadini, Anna (1993) Rock Crystal Objects from the V and A Collection. [Shows/Exhibitions]

Contadini, Anna and Carboni, Stefano (1990) 'An illustrated copy of al-Qazwini's "The Wonders of Creation".' In: Prideaux, S, (ed.), Sotheby's Art at Auction: 1989-1990. London: Sotheby's Publications, pp. 228-233.

Contadini, Anna (1989) '‘Cuoridoro’: tecnica e decorazione di cuoi dorati veneziani e italiani con influssi islamici.' In: Grube, E.J., (ed.), Arte veneziana e arte islamica : atti del Primo simposio internazionale sull'arte veneziana e l'arte islamica. Venice: Edizioni l’Altra Riva, pp. 231-251.

Contadini, Anna (1989) 'The Kitab Manafi` al-Hayawan in the Escorial Library.' Islamic Art, 3. pp. 33-57.

Contadini, Anna (1989) 'Simone Assemani, professore di lingue orientali a Padova.' In: Gallotta, A and Marazzi, U, (eds.), La Conoscenza dell'Asia e dell'Africa in Italia nei secoli XVIII e XIX. Volume III. Tomo I. Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale, pp. 209-245.

Contadini, Anna (1988) 'Due pannelli di cuoio dorato nel Museo Civico Medievale di Bologna.' Annali di Cà Foscari, Rivista della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Venezia, Serie Orientale, XXVII (3). pp. 127-142.

Contadini, Anna (1986) 'Note sul Kitab Manafi` al-Hayawan dell'Escorial.' Annali di Cà Foscari, Rivista della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Venezia, Serie Orientale, XXV (3). pp. 109-121.