Focus on functions in Japanese language classrooms: An output-based approach to teaching appropriate particle use for the purpose of speaking

Abstract

In this paper, we propose to use structured output practice to teach grammar with a particular focus on the pragmatic functions of forms, underscoring the importance of grammar in effective communication. We discuss the teaching of particles (ga, o, wa, and the non-use of these particles) as examples of target grammar for instruction. We first review recent perspectives on grammar teaching, and discuss key features of effective grammar teaching. Subsequently, we review linguistic research on the particles ga, o, wa and the non-use of these particles, focusing on their respective functions. We suggest that ‘structured output’ elicited in meaningful, real-life contexts is an effective basis for grammar instruction that highlights the functions of target forms, and we present a sample activity plan.